With the advancement of nanotechnology, biologically functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles—conjugated with various biomolecules such as nucleic acids, small molecules, peptides, or antibodies—have seen widespread development in applications such as bio-enrichment and molecular recognition.

The oral route is the most commonly used route of drug administration.Due to the use of combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening in the development of solid oral dosage forms, the number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with poor water solubility is steadily increasing.